The Concept of the Educated man in the Transition from Modernity to Postmodernity: An Inquiry, Comparison, and Critical Evaluation"
Subject Areas :
1 -
Keywords: Educated man, Modernity, Postmodernity, Foucault, Geneology,
Abstract :
TThe aim of this research is to investigate the concept of the cultivated human during the transition from modernity to postmodernity, employing an approach of inquiry, comparison, and critical evaluation. Foucault's genealogical method has been used to answer the research questions. The findings indicate that the concept of the cultivated human is defined based on the assumptions of each era, and the characteristics and indicators of such an individual are influenced by the social, political, and cultural transformations of that period. The research outcome suggests that, from Foucault's genealogical perspective, the evolution of the concept of the cultivated human is neither continuous nor uniform; rather, it undergoes justifiable changes in each era. Given the diverse interpretations of the educational telos of humanity and the lack of complete consensus among postmodern philosophers, an image of the cultivated human emerges that lacks fixed characteristics and possesses greater complexity and ambiguity. Modern philosophers, due to a greater alignment in educational aims, have presented a clearer and more distinct picture. The overall conclusion states that the cultivated human is defined and shaped by the prevailing social, political, and educational discourses and is subject to the constraints and conditions of their respective times. Despite fundamental differences in definition and the means to achieve it, both eras consider humans as active beings, agents capable of influencing the world. Both seek to cultivate an individual who is not merely passive but can, by relying on their capabilities, take steps towards shaping their life and society.
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Barrow, R., & Woods, R. (1988). An Introduction to Plato and Education (Original work published 1976). London: Routledge.
Beheshti, Saeed (1998). A Ground for Re-thinking Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Virayesh.
Collective Authors (2005). Philosophy of Education, Vol. 1. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Copleston, Frederick Charles (2009). A History of Philosophy*, Vol. 7: Fichte to Nietzsche. Translated by Dariush Ashouri. Tehran: Elm-e Farhangi and Soroush Publications.
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Elm al-Hoda, Jamileh (2012). Islamic Theory of Education. Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Press.
Fani, Hojjatollah (2004). Educational Implications of Lyotard's Postmodern View and its Critique. Journal of Educational Innovations, No. 9, pp. 66-87.
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Kardan, Alimohammad (1998). The Course of Educational Views in the West. SAMT Publications.
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Ma'navi Pour, Davood (2010). Philosophy of Education*. Tehran: Nashr-e Ravan.
Ma'navi Pour, Davood (2010). Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Nashr-e Ravan.
Mayer, Frederick (1993). A History of Educational Thought*, Vol. 1. Translated by Ali Asghar Fayyaz. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Mayer, Frederick (1993). A History of Educational Thought, Vol. 1. Translated by Ali Asghar Fayyaz. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Mehrmohammadi, M. (2004). Toward a New Conception of the Educated Person. ERIC Number: P:6.
Mohseni, Mohammad Asef (Hekmat) (2013). A Review and Critique of Postmodernism's View on the Education of Values. Islam and Educational Research Journal*, 5(1), 25. (Available at: magiran.com/p1152584)
Mohseni, Mohammad Asef (Hikmat) (2013). A Review and Critique of Postmodernism's View on Education and Values. Journal of Islam and Educational Research, 5(1), 25. (Available at: magiran.com/p1152584)
Mojtahedi, Karim (2014). Who is an Educated Person? What is Educatedness? Iran Newspaper*, Issue No. 5634, dated 2014/04/30, p. 17 (Andisheh Section).
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Naghibzadeh, Mir Abdolhossein (2011). A Look at Philosophical Approaches of the Twentieth Century. Tehran: Tahouri Publications.
Naghibzadeh, Mir Abdolhossein (2011). A Look at Philosophical Approaches of the 20th Century*. Tehran: Tahouri Publications.
Nami, Shamsi (2005). Examination and Critique of Richard S. Peters' Viewpoints on Philosophy, Concept, and Goal of Education and the Cultivated Person, and Analysis of the General Goals of Islamic Education. Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Education and Psychology. Tehran.
Nami, Shamsi (2005). Review and Critique of Richard Stanley Peters' Viewpoints on Philosophy, Concept, and Goal of Education and the Cultivated Human, and Analysis of the General Goals of Islamic Education. Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology. Tehran.
Nasiri, Ali Akbar (2005). Principles and Philosophy of Education*. Tehran: Avay-e Noor Publications.
Nasiri, Ali Akbar (2005). Principles and Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Avaye Noor Publications.
Nasri, Abdollah (1992). The Image of Man from the Perspective of Schools of Thought. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University.
Nasri, Abdullah (1992). The Image of Man from the Perspective of Schools of Thought. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University.
Peters, R. & Hirst, P. H. (1970). The Logic of Education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Peters, R. S. (1978). Ethics and Education. Great Britain: London: Unwin Brothers Limited.
Peters, R. S., & Hirst, P. H. (2010). The Logic of Education: An Analysis of the Concept of Education from the Perspective of Analytical Philosophy. Translated by Farhad Karimi. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Pirouti Aghdam, Masoud & Nazari Roodbali, Fatemeh. (2024). Examining the Concept of "Cultivated Human" from the Perspective of Johann Gottfried Herder and Deriving its Implications in the Field of Teacher Education. Theory and Practice in Teacher Education, 10(17), 56-75. doi: 10.48310/itt.2023.3022
Pourshafiei, Hadi, & Arian, Nahid. (2009). Postmodernism and its Implications in Religious Education. Islam and Educational Research, No. 2, pp. 5-60.
Qarabaghian, M. (1991). Economics of Growth and Development*, Vol. 1. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney.
Rabbani, Rasoul, & Badri, Ehsan (2008). An Analysis of Postmodern Educational Views. Journal of Islamic Revolution, No. 15, pp. 35-56.
Rahnama, Akbar (2009). An Introduction to Moral Education (Philosophical-Psychological Foundations and Methods of Moral Education). Tehran: Ayeezh Publications.
Sajjadi, Seyed Mehdi, & Abolfazl Aliabadi (2007). A Comparison of Kant's and Foucault's Ethical Views. Quarterly Journal of Education, No. 93, pp. 71-86.
Salehshouri, Ahmad, & Imanzadeh, Ali (2011). A Look at Analytical and Meta-analytical Approaches in Philosophy of Education. Bou Ali Sina University Press.
Shahi, Davood (2005). Foucault and the Problem of History. Journal of History in the Mirror of Research, No. 10, pp. 85-114.
Shamshiri, Babak (2005). Education from the Perspective of Love and Mysticism. Tehran: Nashr-e Tahouri.
Sheffield, Harry (1996). Fundamentals of Education. Translated by Gholamali Sarmad. Tehran: Ghotreh Publications.
Shoari-nezhad, Ali Akbar (2009). Modern Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Ettela'at Publications.
Shokouhi, Gholamhossein (1988). Foundations of Educational Principles. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publications.
Shoshtari, Akram (2014). Comparative Study of the Characteristics of the Cultivated Human from the Viewpoint of Richard Stanley Peters and Allameh Mohammad Taqi Ja'fari. The First Scientific Research Conference on Educational and Psychological Sciences and Social and Cultural Damages of Iran. Tehran. (Available at: https://civilica.com/doc/366519)
Smith, M. (1999). After Managerialism: Towards a Concept of the School as an Educational Community. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 33(3).
Susan, L. (2000). "Martin, J. R.". In Lorraine Code (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Feminist Theory. New York: Garland.
Taghipour Zohir, Ali (2010). Principles and Foundations of Education. Tehran: Payame Noor University Publications.
Usher, R., & Edwards, R. (1994). Postmodernism and Education. Routledge Publishing.
Zibakalam, Fatemeh (1997). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Zibakalam-e Mofard, Fatemeh (2005). The Philosophical School of Educational Liberalism and Islam. Tehran: Tafresh Educational and Research Complex Publications.
Ahanchian, Mohammad Reza (2003). Education in Postmodern Conditions. Tehran: Nashr-e Tahouri.
Ahmadi, Babak (1998). Modernity and Critical Thought*. Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz.
Ahmadi, Babak (2003). Heidegger and Fundamental Questions. Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz.
Alavi, Seyed Hamid Reza (2007). Essential Points in Philosophy of Education and Philosophical Schools. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Publications.
Ali, Marzieh; Shabanivaraki, Bakhtiar; Jafari Kalateh Jafarabadi, Tahereh, & Ahanchian, Mohammad Reza (2013). The Subjugation of Children in the Educational System: A Genealogical Critique of Disciplinary Approaches in Schools. Journal of Educational Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5-28.
Avalos, B. (2000). Modernity and Postmodernity*. Paper presented at the 9th World Congress of Comparative Education, Sydney, Australia.
Azarbaijani, Masoud (1996). The Perfect (Ideal) Human from the Perspective of Islam and Psychology. Journal of the Research Institute of Hawzah and University, No. 9, pp. 6-19.
Babai, Mazhar, & Salehi, Parastoo. (2025). Identifying Components of the Cultivated Human from a Philosophical Perspective. Philosophical Inquiries, 19(50), 173-192. doi: 10.22034/jpiut.2024.60288.3694
Bagheri, Khosro; Sajadieh, Narges, & Tavassoli, Tayebeh (2010). Approaches and Research Methods in Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Cultural and Social Studies Research Institute.
Barrow, R., & Woods, R. (1988). An Introduction to Plato and Education (Original work published 1976). London: Routledge.
Beheshti, Saeed (1998). A Ground for Re-thinking Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Virayesh.
Collective Authors (2005). Philosophy of Education, Vol. 1. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Copleston, Frederick Charles (2009). A History of Philosophy*, Vol. 7: Fichte to Nietzsche. Translated by Dariush Ashouri. Tehran: Elm-e Farhangi and Soroush Publications.
Copleston, Frederick Charles (2009). A History of Philosophy, Vol. 7: From Fichte to Nietzsche. Translated by Dariush Ashouri. Tehran: Elmifarang Publications.
Elm al-Hoda, Jamileh (2012). Islamic Theory of Education. Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Press.
Fani, Hojjatollah (2004). Educational Implications of Lyotard's Postmodern View and its Critique. Journal of Educational Innovations, No. 9, pp. 66-87.
Farmehini Farahani, Mohsen (2004). Postmodernism and Education. Tehran: Ayeezh Publications.
Farmehini Farahani, Mohsen (2010). Postmodernism and Education. 2nd ed. Tehran: Ayeezh Publications.
Fitzsimons, P., & Auckland, N. (2007). Nietzsche, Ethics and Education: An Account of Difference. Sense Publishers.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Colin Gordon (Ed.). New York: Pantheon.
Foucault, Michel (1999). Knowledge and Power. Translated by Mohammad Zamiran. Tehran: Hermes.
Foucault, Michel (2009). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Nico Sarkhosh & Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Nashr-e Ni.
Foucault, Michel (2009). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison*. Translated by Niku Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney.
Foucault, Michel (2009). Nietzsche, Freud, Marx. Translated by Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Hermes Publications.
Gharabaghian, M. (1991). Economics of Growth and Development, Vol. 1. Tehran: Nashr-e Ni.
had Publications.
Hirst, Paul H., & White, Patricia (2006). Philosophy of Education: Major Themes in the Analytical Tradition. Selected, compiled, and translated by Bakhtiar Shabani Varki and Mohammad Reza Shoja' Razavi. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press
Hirst, Paul H., & White, Patricia (2006). Philosophy of Education: Major Themes in the Analytic Tradition*. Selected, compiled, and translated by Bakhtiar Shabani Varki and Mohammad Reza Shoja' Razavi. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press
Jahanbegloo, Ramin (2005). The Fourth Wave. Translated by Mansour Goudarzi. Tehran: Nashr-e Ni.
Jahani, A. Paulmer. (2012). Introduction to Fifty Modern Educational Thinkers from Piaget to the Present. Translated by a group of translators. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Javidi Kalateh Jafarabadi, Tahereh & Ali, Marziyeh (2010). Foundations of Postmodern Anthropology and its Educational Implications. Journal of Islamic Philosophy and Theology: Mirror of Knowledge, Vol. 8, No. 23, pp. 165-184.
Kardan, Alimohammad (1998). History of Educational Thought in the West*. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Kardan, Alimohammad (1998). The Course of Educational Views in the West. SAMT Publications.
Khalili Shourini, Siavash (1999). Philosophical Schools and Educational Views. Yadvareh Ketab Publications.
Khatami, Mahmoud (2012). Introduction to Contemporary Western Philosophy. Tehran: Nashr-e Elm.
Kuchouyan, Hossein, & Zaeri, Ghasem (2009). Ten Main Methodological Steps in the Genealogical Analysis of Culture Relying on Michel Foucault's Ideas. Journal of Cultural Strategy, No. 7, pp. 7-30.
Kuchoyan, Hossein, & Zaeri, Ghasem (2009). Methodological Ten Main Steps in Genealogical Analysis of Culture, Relying on Michel Foucault’s Ideas. Rahbord-e Farhang Scientific-Research Journal*, Issue 7, pp. 30-7.
Lyotard, Jean-François (2004). The Postmodern Condition*. Translated by Hassanali Norouzi. Tehran: Gam-e No Publications.
Lyotard, Jean-François (2004). The Postmodern Condition. Translated by Hassanali Norouzi. Tehran: Gam-e No Publications.
Ma'navi Pour, Davood (2010). Philosophy of Education*. Tehran: Nashr-e Ravan.
Ma'navi Pour, Davood (2010). Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Nashr-e Ravan.
Mayer, Frederick (1993). A History of Educational Thought*, Vol. 1. Translated by Ali Asghar Fayyaz. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Mayer, Frederick (1993). A History of Educational Thought, Vol. 1. Translated by Ali Asghar Fayyaz. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Mehrmohammadi, M. (2004). Toward a New Conception of the Educated Person. ERIC Number: P:6.
Mohseni, Mohammad Asef (Hekmat) (2013). A Review and Critique of Postmodernism's View on the Education of Values. Islam and Educational Research Journal*, 5(1), 25. (Available at: magiran.com/p1152584)
Mohseni, Mohammad Asef (Hikmat) (2013). A Review and Critique of Postmodernism's View on Education and Values. Journal of Islam and Educational Research, 5(1), 25. (Available at: magiran.com/p1152584)
Mojtahedi, Karim (2014). Who is an Educated Person? What is Educatedness? Iran Newspaper*, Issue No. 5634, dated 2014/04/30, p. 17 (Andisheh Section).
Mojtahedi, Karim (2014). Who is Cultivated? What is Cultivation? Iran Newspaper, Issue No. 5634, dated 2014/04/30, p. 17 (Andisheh Section).
Naghibzadeh, Mir Abdolhossein (2011). A Look at Philosophical Approaches of the Twentieth Century. Tehran: Tahouri Publications.
Naghibzadeh, Mir Abdolhossein (2011). A Look at Philosophical Approaches of the 20th Century*. Tehran: Tahouri Publications.
Nami, Shamsi (2005). Examination and Critique of Richard S. Peters' Viewpoints on Philosophy, Concept, and Goal of Education and the Cultivated Person, and Analysis of the General Goals of Islamic Education. Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Education and Psychology. Tehran.
Nami, Shamsi (2005). Review and Critique of Richard Stanley Peters' Viewpoints on Philosophy, Concept, and Goal of Education and the Cultivated Human, and Analysis of the General Goals of Islamic Education. Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology. Tehran.
Nasiri, Ali Akbar (2005). Principles and Philosophy of Education*. Tehran: Avay-e Noor Publications.
Nasiri, Ali Akbar (2005). Principles and Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Avaye Noor Publications.
Nasri, Abdollah (1992). The Image of Man from the Perspective of Schools of Thought. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University.
Nasri, Abdullah (1992). The Image of Man from the Perspective of Schools of Thought. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University.
Peters, R. & Hirst, P. H. (1970). The Logic of Education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Peters, R. S. (1978). Ethics and Education. Great Britain: London: Unwin Brothers Limited.
Peters, R. S., & Hirst, P. H. (2010). The Logic of Education: An Analysis of the Concept of Education from the Perspective of Analytical Philosophy. Translated by Farhad Karimi. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Pirouti Aghdam, Masoud & Nazari Roodbali, Fatemeh. (2024). Examining the Concept of "Cultivated Human" from the Perspective of Johann Gottfried Herder and Deriving its Implications in the Field of Teacher Education. Theory and Practice in Teacher Education, 10(17), 56-75. doi: 10.48310/itt.2023.3022
Pourshafiei, Hadi, & Arian, Nahid. (2009). Postmodernism and its Implications in Religious Education. Islam and Educational Research, No. 2, pp. 5-60.
Qarabaghian, M. (1991). Economics of Growth and Development*, Vol. 1. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney.
Rabbani, Rasoul, & Badri, Ehsan (2008). An Analysis of Postmodern Educational Views. Journal of Islamic Revolution, No. 15, pp. 35-56.
Rahnama, Akbar (2009). An Introduction to Moral Education (Philosophical-Psychological Foundations and Methods of Moral Education). Tehran: Ayeezh Publications.
Sajjadi, Seyed Mehdi, & Abolfazl Aliabadi (2007). A Comparison of Kant's and Foucault's Ethical Views. Quarterly Journal of Education, No. 93, pp. 71-86.
Salehshouri, Ahmad, & Imanzadeh, Ali (2011). A Look at Analytical and Meta-analytical Approaches in Philosophy of Education. Bou Ali Sina University Press.
Shahi, Davood (2005). Foucault and the Problem of History. Journal of History in the Mirror of Research, No. 10, pp. 85-114.
Shamshiri, Babak (2005). Education from the Perspective of Love and Mysticism. Tehran: Nashr-e Tahouri.
Sheffield, Harry (1996). Fundamentals of Education. Translated by Gholamali Sarmad. Tehran: Ghotreh Publications.
Shoari-nezhad, Ali Akbar (2009). Modern Philosophy of Education. Tehran: Ettela'at Publications.
Shokouhi, Gholamhossein (1988). Foundations of Educational Principles. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publications.
Shoshtari, Akram (2014). Comparative Study of the Characteristics of the Cultivated Human from the Viewpoint of Richard Stanley Peters and Allameh Mohammad Taqi Ja'fari. The First Scientific Research Conference on Educational and Psychological Sciences and Social and Cultural Damages of Iran. Tehran. (Available at: https://civilica.com/doc/366519)
Smith, M. (1999). After Managerialism: Towards a Concept of the School as an Educational Community. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 33(3).
Susan, L. (2000). "Martin, J. R.". In Lorraine Code (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Feminist Theory. New York: Garland.
Taghipour Zohir, Ali (2010). Principles and Foundations of Education. Tehran: Payame Noor University Publications.
Usher, R., & Edwards, R. (1994). Postmodernism and Education. Routledge Publishing.
Zibakalam, Fatemeh (1997). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Zibakalam-e Mofard, Fatemeh (2005). The Philosophical School of Educational Liberalism and Islam. Tehran: Tafresh Educational and Research Complex Publications.