مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری پژوهش زبان و ادبیات فارسی 1735-1030 23 79 2026 9 23 A Sociological Analysis of the Novel «Shohare Ahoo khanom» Based on the Theory of Georg Simmel, with an Emphasis on the Representation of Individual Identity and Lifestyle تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی رمان «شوهر آهوخانم» بر پایۀ نظریۀ گئورگ زیمل با تأکید بر بازنمایی هویت فردی و سبک زندگی 147 172 fa فرزانه میرزایی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ورامین- پیشوا، تهران، ایران. مرجان علی اکبرزاده زهتاب دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی معصومه خدادادی مهاباد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ورامین- پیشوا، تهران، ایران. 2026 3 7 A Sociological Analysis of the Novel «Shohare Ahoo khanom» Based on the Theory of Georg Simmel, with an Emphasis on the Representation of Individual Identity and Lifestyle   Farzaneh Mirzayi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Marjan Ali Akbarzadeh Zehtab<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Masoomeh Khodadadi Mahabad<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   The main issue of this interdisciplinary research is the Simmelian analysis of The Husband of Ahoo Khanum in the field of identity and lifestyle, with an approach based on money, fashion, and the stranger. This study has been conducted through a descriptive-analytical method using library research. The significance of this research lies in the value of Afghani’s realistic novel, which represents Iranian identity in the 1330s (1950s), and in the importance of the theories of Georg Simmel, the philosophical sociologist who explored the concepts of modernity. The necessity of this study derives from the need to represent the concepts of modernity in contemporary fiction and to emphasize the importance of literary sociology. The main research question and hypothesis are: How are individual identity and lifestyle reflected in the social interactions of the characters in The Husband of Ahoo Khanum with regard to Simmel’s important concepts of money, fashion, and the stranger? It seems that Simmel’s views on individual identity and lifestyle, through the concepts of money, fashion, and the stranger, are manifested in various ways in the characterization and interpersonal dialogues of this novel. The main findings show that Ahoo, as a symbol of the traditional woman, lacks an independent individual identity and is absorbed in the roles of motherhood and wifehood; her lifestyle is based on stability and preserving relationships at any cost. Seyyed Miran’s identity and lifestyle, as a representative of patriarchy, demonstrate instability and confusion in the conflict between tradition and modernity. Homa’s identity and lifestyle represent modernity and the redefinition of women’s identity in urban society; she is a clear embodiment of Simmel’s concepts of the “stranger” and the “blasé individual.” Money and fashion play significant roles in transforming the lifestyles of Seyyed Miran, Homa, and Ahoo.   Keywords: The Husband of Ahoo Khanum, Ali-Mohammad Afghani, Georg Simmel, sociology of literature, individual identity and lifestyle.   Introduction and Statement of the Problem Literature develops through a reciprocal relationship with society, and literary works reflect the historical, social, and cultural conditions of their time. The sociology of literature, as an interdisciplinary approach, examines the relationship between literary texts and social structures. In this context, Georg Simmel’s sociological thought particularly his concepts of individuality, social interaction, lifestyle, money, fashion, and the stranger provides an appropriate theoretical framework for the analysis of literary texts. According to Simmel, individual identity is formed through social interaction and one's relationship with different social groups. Likewise, money and fashion are not merely economic or aesthetic phenomena; they play a significant role in shaping social relations, identity, and lifestyle. This study analyzes Ali-Mohammad Afghani’s novel The Husband of Ahou Khanom from the perspective of Simmel’s sociological theory, with particular emphasis on the concepts of money, fashion, and the stranger. Set against the social transformations of Iran in the 1950s, the novel portrays the conflict between tradition and modernity, changing gender roles, and transformations in social relationships. Its three central characters Ahou, Seyyed Miran, and Homa represent different patterns of identity and lifestyle that undergo crisis or transformation in response to these changes. The aim of this study is to examine the characters’ lifestyles and individual identities through Simmel’s concepts of money, fashion, and the stranger. Its significance lies in applying Simmel’s sociological framework to one of the most important novels of modern Persian literature. The main research question is how the characters’ lifestyles and identities are reflected through their social interactions. The study assumes that Simmelian concepts, including identity, lifestyle, money, fashion, and the stranger, are substantially embodied in the novel’s characterization and interpersonal relationships.   Research Method The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and based on library research. Accordingly, it first examines and reviews previous studies in this field as well as related works, including books, articles, dissertations, theses, and the novel The Husband of Ahou Khanom. After collecting and organizing the required data, the novel is analyzed, and the compatibility of Simmel’s sociological ideas with the mentioned work is examined through an interdisciplinary sociological approach.   Theoretical Framework Sociology of literature examines the relationship between literary works and the social, cultural, and historical contexts in which they are produced. From this perspective, literary texts reflect social relations, values, and human experiences of a particular historical period. Sociological criticism analyzes characters, relationships, and themes in literary works in connection with social structures. Georg Simmel (1858–1918) considers society as the result of interactions among individuals and emphasizes the role of reciprocal relationships in the formation of identity and social structures. According to him, modern individuals experience a tension between individuality and social pressures; modernity increases personal independence while simultaneously creating new forms of identity crisis and alienation. In Simmel’s theory, lifestyle refers to the collection of choices, behaviors, and habits through which individuals express their social position and identity. Individual identity is formed through interaction between the individual and social circles, while conflicts between personal independence and social restrictions may lead to identity crises. Simmel does not view money merely as an economic phenomenon but as a social and cultural force influencing human relationships and lifestyles. Money increases individual freedom on the one hand, while making relationships more impersonal and instrumental on the other. Fashion is also considered a social phenomenon that simultaneously connects individuals to specific groups and distinguishes them from others. The concept of the stranger refers to an individual who belongs to a social group but maintains a certain cultural and identity distance from it; such a person can introduce new perspectives and contribute to social transformation.   Findings and Analysis The findings of this research indicate that the main characters of The Husband of Ahou Khanom, within Simmel’s theoretical framework, represent three different patterns of identity and lifestyle in Iran’s transitional society of the 1330s. Ahou, Seyyed Miran, and Homa experience identity crises or transformations in response to social, economic, and cultural changes. Ahou represents the traditional Iranian woman whose identity is defined through the roles of wife and mother. She lacks an independent identity, and her lifestyle is based on patience, preserving family bonds, and accepting existing conditions. Her economic dependence strengthens her inferior position. However, at the end of the novel, confronting betrayal and family abandonment transforms her from a passive woman into a protesting individual who expresses her independent voice. Seyyed Miran is a character caught between tradition and modernity. At the beginning of the story, he is a traditional, religious, and family-oriented man, but Homa’s entrance into his life changes his values and lifestyle. His acceptance of modern elements, such as changing his appearance and going to the cinema, remains mostly superficial and does not lead to a deep transformation of his identity. Money also plays a significant role in shaping his social position and lifestyle. Wealth enables him to make new choices, but when his financial resources decline, this lifestyle collapses, and he returns to the traditional pattern. In contrast to Ahou, Homa represents a woman who attempts to define her identity independently from traditional roles. Her resistance to family restrictions and patriarchy demonstrates her effort to achieve individuality. From Simmel’s perspective, Homa can be analyzed through the concept of the “stranger,” because she enters a traditional family structure with different values and lifestyles and causes changes within it. However, her modernity remains largely limited to external aspects such as consumption, fashion, and luxury, which ultimately leads to an identity crisis. The analysis of money and fashion demonstrates that these two elements play important roles in shaping the identity and lifestyle of the characters. Money functions as a source of power, dependence, and social distinction, while fashion reveals the difference between Ahou’s traditional lifestyle and Homa’s modern-oriented lifestyle. According to Simmel, fashion is simultaneously a means of social belonging and a tool for expressing individuality.   Conclusion The analysis of The Husband of Ahou Khanom based on Georg Simmel’s sociological theory shows that the identity and lifestyle of its main characters are directly connected to the social, cultural, and historical conditions of Iranian society in the 1330s. Ahou, Seyyed Miran, and Homa represent three different responses to the transition between tradition and modernity. Ahou represents the traditional woman whose identity is absorbed into the roles of wife and mother; however, through a critical experience, she moves toward recovering her individuality and expressing resistance. Seyyed Miran is a figure suspended between tradition and modernity, whose transformation remains mostly superficial and leads to an identity crisis due to his inability to reconcile old and new values. Homa represents the modern-oriented woman who seeks independence, but her superficial encounter with modernity and her dependence on consumption and fashion result in another form of identity crisis. The research also demonstrates that Simmel’s concepts of money, fashion, and the stranger provide effective tools for analyzing the relationships among the characters. Money in the novel is not merely an economic factor but a social force determining power relations, lifestyles, and identities. Fashion reveals the distinction between traditional and modern lifestyles, while the concept of the stranger is embodied in Homa as a character who enters a traditional structure and transforms it. From the perspective of the sociology of literature, The Husband of Ahou Khanom presents a representation of Iranian society during the transition from tradition to modernity and reflects issues such as patriarchy, women’s social position, polygamy, and the identity crises caused by social change. Therefore, the novel can be considered a social text that reveals transformations in identities and lifestyles through literary narration.   References Afghani, Ali-Mohammad. (2012) The Husband of Ahou Khanom. 14th ed. Tehran: Amir Kabir. Ali-Akbarzadeh Zohtab, Marjan. (2019) “A Sociological Analysis of Shamloo and Abu al-Madi’s Poetry Based on Zalamansky’s Theory.” Journal of Persian Language and Literature Research, 17(55), 95–126. Fazeli, Nematollah. (1995) “An Introduction to the Sociology of Art and Literature.” Social Sciences Quarterly, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, 4(7–8), 107–133. Frisby, D. (1992) Simmel and Since: Essays on Georg Simmel’s Social Theory. London: Routledge. Gholam, Mohammad. (2004) “The Sociology of the Contemporary Persian Novel.” Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, 32(44), 129–173. Ghorbani Varkalai, Masoumeh. (2010) “A Sociological Criticism of Ali-Mohammad Afghani’s Novel The Husband of Ahou Khanom.” Master’s Thesis, University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Helle, Horst. (2015) Georg Simmel’s Social Thought. Translated by Shahnaz Mosammapour. Tehran: Gol-Azin. Simmel, G. (2004) The Philosophy of Money (3rd enl. ed.; D. Frisby, Ed.; T. Bottomore & D. Frisby, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1900). Simmel, Georg. (2012) On Individuality and Social Forms. Translated by Shahnaz Mosammapour. 2nd ed. Tehran: Sales.   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Ph.D. Student, Department of Persian Language and Literature, VaP.C., Islamic Azad, Varamin, Iran. <a href="mailto:farzaneh.mirzaei7093@iau.ir">farzaneh.mirzaei7093@iau.ir</a> https: //orcid.org0009-0009-9489-4108 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, VaP.C., Islamic Azad, Varamin, Iran. <a href="mailto:ma.akbarzade@iau.ir">ma.akbarzade@iau.ir</a> https: //orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-7380 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature , VaP.C., Islamic Azad, Varamin, Iran.  <a href="mailto:mkhodadi@iau.ac.ir">mkhodadi@iau.ac.ir</a> https://orcid.org/000-0002-0583-7403 این مقاله به شيوۀ توصيفي- تحليلي تحلیل رمان «شوهر آهوخانم» در حوزۀ هویت و سبک زندگی می&zwnj;پردازد و برای تحلیل بازنمایی هویت ایرانی در دهۀ سی از نظریه&zwnj;های «گئورک زیمل»، جامعه&zwnj;شناس فلسفی بهره می&zwnj;گیرد. مهم&zwnj;ترین پرسش و فرضیۀ پیش &zwnj;روی این است که در تعاملات اجتماعي شخصیت&zwnj;های رمان «شوهر آهوخانم»، سبك زندگي و هويت فردی با توجه به مفاهیم پول، مُد و غریبه -كه از آراي مهم زيمل است- چگونه بازتاب يافته است؟ به &zwnj;نظر می&zwnj;رسد آرای زیمل درباره هویت فردی و سبک زندگی با مفاهیم پول، مُد و غریبه در شخصيت&zwnj;پردازي&zwnj;ها و گفت&zwnj;وگوهاي ميان&zwnj;شخصيتيِ این رمان به شيوه&zwnj;هاي گوناگون نمود يافته است. مهم&zwnj;ترین نتیجه تحقیق این است که آهو به &zwnj;عنوان نماد زن سنتی، بدون هویت فردی مستقل، مستحیل در مادری و همسری است. سبک زندگی او، ایستایی و حفظ پیوندها به هر بهایی است. هویت فردی و سبک زندگی سید میران -نمایندۀ مردسالاری- بی&zwnj;ثباتی و سرگردانی در تعارض میان سنت و مدرنیته است. هویت و سبک زندگی هما، نمایندۀ تجددخواهی، مصادیقی از مدرنیته و بازنمایی تعریف زن در جامعۀ شهری است. او مصداق بارز نظریۀ «غریبه» و «مُسرف» زیمل است. پول و مُد باعث تحول سبک زندگی سید میران شده است. مُد و پول در زندگی هما و آهو، نقش بارزی دارد.

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