بررسی تحلیلی- نظری چندفرهنگگرایی از دریچۀ امر سیاسی
الموضوعات : پژوهش سیاست نظری
سعید صافی اردهایی
1
,
رجب ایزدی
2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: چندفرهنگگرایی, امر سیاسی, سیاستِ هویت, سیاستِ شناسایی و سیاستِ تفاوت. ,
ملخص المقالة :
تحقیق حاضر میکوشد به روشی تحلیلی و با بهرهگیری از دادههای کیفی بهدستآمده از کتابخانه به واکاوی رابطه میان چندفرهنگگرایی و امر سیاسی از منظری نظری بپردازد. هدف تحقیق حاضر، کشف رابطۀ میان چندفرهنگگرایی و امرسیاسی از طریق شناسایی مهمترین توجیهات و استدلالهای نظری و نیز نقدهای وارده به چندفرهنگگرایی از دریچۀ امر سیاسی است. یافتههای پژوهش حاضر نشان میدهد که چندفرهنگگرایی از طریق مفاهیم سهگانه سیاستِ شناسایی، سیاستِ هویت و سیاستِ تفاوت به امر سیاسی مرتبط شده و از این دریچه، توجیهاتی را استدلال نموده و نقدهایی نیز به آن وارد شده است. تحقیق حاضر، چهار توجیه نظری که از جنس امر سیاسی است، برای چندفرهنگگرایی یافته که عبارتند از: به رسمیت شناختن، برابری، آزادی از سلطه و رسیدگی به بیعدالتی تاریخی. از دریچه امر سیاسی نیز شش نقد به چندفرهنگگرایی شناسایی کردیم که عبارتند از: نگاه جهانوطنی به فرهنگ، چالش انطباق، آرمان جهانی برابری و توجه به حقوق اقلیت در اقلیتها، انحراف از سیاست بازتوزیع، نقد پسااستعماری و نقد فمنیستی.
نظری، علی¬اشرف (1401) تحلیل امر سیاسی: فهم بنیانهای نظری متأخر، تهران، دانشگاه تهران.
Alesina, A. and E. Glaeser (2004) Fighting Poverty in the U. S. and Europe: A World of Difference, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047279405278807.
Anderson, E. (1999) “What is the Point of Equality?” Ethics,109(2): 287–337. https://doi.org/10.1086/233897.
Arneil, B. (2006a) Diverse Communities: The Problem with Social Capital, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490156.
Arneil, B. and F. MacDonald (2016) “Multiculturalism and the Social Sphere,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Multiculturalism, D. Ivison (ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 95–117.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613314.
Bachvarova, M. (2014) “Multicultural Accommodation and the Ideal of Non-Domination,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy,17(6): 652–673.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2013.826500.
Banting, K. and R. Johnston, W. Kymlicka and S. Soroka (2006) “Do Multiculturalism Policies Erode the Welfare State? An Empirical Analysis,” in Multiculturalism and the Welfare State, K. Banting and W. Kymlicka (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 49–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/00016993080510040603.
Banting, K. and W. Kymlicka (eds.) (2006) Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s004727940800202x.
Barry, B. (2001) Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400400146.
Bloemraad, I. (2006) Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada, Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520940024.
Blum, L. A. (1992) “Antiracism, Multiculturalism and Interracial Community: Three Educational Values for a Multicultural Society”, Office of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2014.922057.
Carens, J. (2000) Culture, Citizenship and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198297688.001.0001.
Coleman, D. L. (1996) “Individualizing Justice through Multiculturalism: The Liberals’ Dilemma,” Columbia Law Review,96(5): 1093–1167. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123402.
Coulthard, G. (2007) “Subjects of Empire: Indigenous Peoples and the ‘Politics of Recognition’ in Canada,” Contemporary Political Theory,6(4): 437–60. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300307. --------------- (2014) Red Skins, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1041624ar.
Denscombe Hartyn (2001) the good research guide: for small- scale social research projects, Philadelphia; Biddies Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0038038599250535.
Fraser, N. (1997) Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the ‘Postsocialist’ Condition, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.2307/2654616.
Fraser, N. and A. Honneth (2003) Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-philosophical Exchange, London: Verso.
https://doi.org/10.3366/per.2005.1.2.215.
Gooding-Williams, R. (1998) “Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy”, Constellations, 5(1): 18–41.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00071.
Green, L. (1994) “Internal Minorities and Their Rights,” in Group Rights, J. Baker (ed.), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 101–117.
Gutmann, A. (2003) Identity in Democracy, Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/383447.
Hero, R. (1998) Faces of Inequality: Social Diversity in American Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117141.001.0001.
Hero, R. and R. Preuhs (2006) “Multiculturalism and Welfare Policies in the USA: A State-Level Comparative Analysis,” in Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies, K. Banting and W. (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 121–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/00016993080510040603.
Ivison, D. (2006) “Historical Injustice,” in The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, J. Dryzek, B. Honig and A. Phillips (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 507–25.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1468109910000186.
Ivison, D., P. Patton and W. Sanders (2000) Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/003231870105300112 .
Kukathas, C. (1995) “Are There Any Cultural Rights?” Political Theory,20: 105–139.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591792020001006.
------------- (2003) The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1086/426351.
Kymlicka, W. (1989) Liberalism, Community and Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1963282.
---------------- (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900014700.
--------------- (ed.) (1995) The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005007.
------------- (1999) “Liberal Complacencies”, in Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? J. Cohen and M. Howard and M. C. Nussbaum (eds.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 31–34.
https://doi.org/10.1086/233532.
------------- (2001) Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031819101410618 .
Kymlicka, W. and K. Banting (2006) “Immigration, Multiculturalism and the Welfare State,” Ethics & International Affairs, 20 (3): 281–304.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2006.00027.x.
Kymlicka, W. and A. Patten (eds.) (2003) Language Rights and Political Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199262908.001.0001 .
Lovett, F. (2009) “Domination and Distributive Justice,” Journal of Politics, 71: 817–830.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381609090732.
----------- (2010) “Cultural Accommodation and Domination,” Political Theory, 38(2): 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709354870. Margalit, A. and J. Raz (1990) “National Self-Determination,” Journal of Philosophy, 87(9): 439–461.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2026968.
Miller, D. (2002) “Liberalism, Equal Opportunities and Cultural Commitments,” in Multicultural Reconsidered: Culture and Equality and Its Critics, P. Kelly (ed.), Oxford: Polity Press, pp. 45–61.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/17.3.334.
Moore, M. (2005) “Internal Minorities and Indigenous Self-Determination,” in A. Eisenberg and J. Spinner-Halev 2005(eds.), pp. 271–293. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490224.014.
Okin, S (1999) “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” in Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? J. Cohen, M. Howard and M. C. Nussbaum (eds.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 7–24.
https://doi.org/10.1086/233532 .
Parekh, B. (2000) Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1086/378450.#3 Pettit, P. (1997) Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government, Oxford: Clarendon.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800002363.
Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Raz, J. (1986) The Morality of Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ryan, Phil (2010) Multicultiphobia . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Rorty, R. (1999) Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/sats.2000.177 .
Scheffler S (2003) “What is Egalitarianism?” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 31(1): 5–39.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2003.00005.x .#3 Shachar, A. (2000) “On Citizenship and Multicultural Vulnerability,” Political Theory, 28: 64–89.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591700028001004.
-------------- (2001) Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women’s Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500010775.
Simpson, A. (2000) “Paths toward a Mohawk Nation: Narratives of Citizenship and Nationhood in Kahnawake,” in Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, D. Ivison, P. Patton and W. Sanders (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/003231870105300112.
Skinner, Q. (1998) Liberty before Liberalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800004143.
Song, S. (2005) “Majority Norms, Multiculturalism and Gender Equality”, American Political Science Review, 99(4): 473–1489. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055405051828.
------------ (2007) Justice, Gender and the Politics of Multiculturalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x09000129.
------------- (2008) “The Subject of Multiculturalism: Culture, Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality and Race?” in New Waves in Political Philosophy, B. de Bruin and C. Zurn (eds.), New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234994.
Spinner-Halev, J. (2001) “Feminism, Multiculturalism, Oppression and the State,” Ethics, 112: 84–113. https://doi.org/10.1086/322741.
Taylor, C. (1992) (1994) “The Politics of Recognition,” in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, A. Gutmann (ed.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 25–73.
https://doi.org/10.7202/015381ar .
----------- (1995) “Irreducibly Social Goods”, in Philosophical Arguments, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 127–145.
https://doi.org/10.1086/233914.
Tom, C. (2018) Rethinking Recognition: Freedom, Self-Definition and Principles for Practice, Ph. D. Dissertation, Political Science Department, University of California/Berkeley, available online.
Tully, J. (1995) Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800006294.
van Parijs, P. (ed.) (2004) Cultural Diversity versus Economic Solidarity, Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996386.ch3.
Waldron, J (1995) “Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative,” in The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005007 .
Williams, M. (1998) Voice, Trust and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation, Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2585417.
Young, I. M. (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1964259.